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Picker Art Gallery
The Picker Art Gallery is Colgate’s on-campus art museum. With a collection of around 11,000 objects, Picker has been a teaching, learning, and research resource for the University and local communities since 1969.


Contact:


Picker Art Gallery,
Colgate University
13 Oak Drive
Hamilton, NY 13346


Phone:
315-228-7634


Email:
pickerart@colgate.edu


Funding provided by Art Bridges.


Virtual Tour Produced by:
Ho Tung Visualization Lab, Colgate University, 2020






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___
Picker Art Gallery


The Picker Art Gallery is Colgate's on-campus art museum. With a collection of around 11,000 objects, Picker has been a teaching, learning, and research resource for the University and local communities since 1969.
HTMLText_0B4B0DC1_11C0_6277_41A4_201A5BB3F7AE.html =
Contact:


Picker Art Gallery
Colgate University
13 Oak Drive
Hamilton, NY 13346


315-228-7634
pickerart@colgate.edu



Funding provided by Art Bridges.
Virtual Tour produced by Ho Tung Visualization Lab, Colgate University, 2020
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LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AME
CONSECTETUR ADIPISCING ELIT. MORBI BIBENDUM PHARETRA LOREM, ACCUMSAN SAN NULLA.


Mauris aliquet neque quis libero consequat vestibulum. Donec lacinia consequat dolor viverra sagittis. Praesent consequat porttitor risus, eu condimentum nunc. Proin et velit ac sapien luctus efficitur egestas ac augue. Nunc dictum, augue eget eleifend interdum, quam libero imperdiet lectus, vel scelerisque turpis lectus vel ligula. Duis a porta sem. Maecenas sollicitudin nunc id risus fringilla, a pharetra orci iaculis. Aliquam turpis ligula, tincidunt sit amet consequat ac, imperdiet non dolor.


Integer gravida dui quis euismod placerat. Maecenas quis accumsan ipsum. Aliquam gravida velit at dolor mollis, quis luctus mauris vulputate. Proin condimentum id nunc sed sollicitudin.


DONEC FEUGIAT:
• Nisl nec mi sollicitudin facilisis
• Nam sed faucibus est.
• Ut eget lorem sed leo.
• Sollicitudin tempor sit amet non urna.
• Aliquam feugiat mauris sit amet.


LOREM IPSUM:
$150,000
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JOHN DOE
Licensed Real Estate Salesperson


Tlf.: +11 111 111 111
jhondoe@realestate.com
www.loremipsum.com



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Black chalk on paper, 286 x 178 mm
Purchase of the Robert J. Gerberg ’59, P’85 Fund, 1996.9
De Neyn calls attention to the perils of the road in this swift and decisively executed drawing. The scene captures the dramatic moment in which robbers take ownership of the contents of a horse-drawn wagon that has been held up at gunpoint, leaving one traveler face-down in the center foreground. Specific details, such as the depiction of the meandering trees and the convincingly foreshortened horses support the attribution to this Leiden-based landscape painter.
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THE PICKER ART GALLERY AND THE BUILDING OF A COLLECTION
Every collection tells a story. Individual objects bring unique histories that become intertwined with each other and with the various human actors who make, use, collect, and study them. Collections form in a multitude of ways: some are highly intentional, perhaps reflecting the taste and priorities of a single individual; many are accidental, a conglomeration of objects from numerous sources and involving many people. The Picker Art Gallery collection originated from the premise that a rigorous study of human creativity is best done using primary sources—that being able to closely examine the original materials produced by artists and craftspeople can facilitate a deeper understanding of visual art and the work it does within cultures and societies. With this mission in mind, the museum’s collection has grown to approximately 11,000 objects.
This exhibition takes an in-depth look at the collection’s history through a selection of diverse objects—from a medieval French manuscript to American painting and contemporary photography. Complemented by images from the University Archives, the exhibition highlights significant moments in the collection’s development, considers the people who helped to build it, and what it has meant to Colgate. The Picker’s collection remains a work in progress and the exhibition touches on some of the complexities, contingencies, and practices that inform its past, present, and future. Like most art collections, this one requires continuous research, cultivation, and reassessment. There is much that is still unknown about many objects and about how they came to form part of the collection. There is also ample opportunity to set new directions for how the collection advances the museum’s teaching mission, encouraging us to think about what it means today and to envision its future as Colgate enters its third century.
The exhibition was developed with the help of a number of Colgate students. In particular, Daniel Shea ’20 did extensive research and writing. Other student contributors are Nicole Chen ’18, Alexa Davis ’22, and Emily Karavitch ’21.
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Drypoint
Gifts of Ingrid Rose in Memory of Milton M. Rose, 2018.2.9
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THE PICKER ART GALLERY AND THE BUILDING OF A COLLECTION
Every collection tells a story. Individual objects bring unique histories that become intertwined with each other and with the various human actors who make, use, collect, and study them. Collections form in a multitude of ways: some are highly intentional, perhaps reflecting the taste and priorities of a single individual; many are accidental, a conglomeration of objects from numerous sources and involving many people. The Picker Art Gallery collection originated from the premise that a rigorous study of human creativity is best done using primary sources—that being able to closely examine the original materials produced by artists and craftspeople can facilitate a deeper understanding of visual art and the work it does within cultures and societies. With this mission in mind, the museum’s collection has grown to approximately 11,000 objects.
This exhibition takes an in-depth look at the collection’s history through a selection of diverse objects—from a medieval French manuscript to American painting and contemporary photography. Complemented by images from the University Archives, the exhibition highlights significant moments in the collection’s development, considers the people who helped to build it, and what it has meant to Colgate. The Picker’s collection remains a work in progress and the exhibition touches on some of the complexities, contingencies, and practices that inform its past, present, and future. Like most art collections, this one requires continuous research, cultivation, and reassessment. There is much that is still unknown about many objects and about how they came to form part of the collection. There is also ample opportunity to set new directions for how the collection advances the museum’s teaching mission, encouraging us to think about what it means today and to envision its future as Colgate enters its third century.
The exhibition was developed with the help of a number of Colgate students. In particular, Daniel Shea ’20 did extensive research and writing. Other student contributors are Nicole Chen ’18, Alexa Davis ’22, and Emily Karavitch ’21.
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HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EEEAAC83_F964_5DB5_41E3_44D143E29A7B.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EF7A5771_F964_CB7C_41D1_3729AFF1E0BE.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EF920BC2_F967_DBA2_4159_E91A698DDCAA.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EFAC9578_E007_ED8A_41B0_E0A9C452411E.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EFB90222_F964_44E2_41EA_8E8945455992.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EFC2C76B_E002_ED89_41A4_CF85B605F848.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_EFE4625B_E00D_678B_41AC_759BF8955C6D.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F0B796D3_E003_AC90_41C9_B5EA31FCFBDD.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F2807140_E00E_A5F2_41D3_34C459FD8061.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F2BA7429_E006_A3A5_41E5_EE12495AE5C1.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F36961F0_E01E_A4A7_41E8_FD26A9B354F5.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F3B4C17A_E006_A5A1_41EA_BDEB2EEBF6F5.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F409AE8A_E002_9F6F_41C2_69C0FD4C26C9.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F8389BD4_F6E7_F8AC_41EC_3858012817CD.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_F94C9293_F6EC_48B4_41EA_6FCB83F05B58.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FB050CE6_F6FD_B873_41C9_E30F31A6AF50.toolTip = Text to Speech HotspotPanoramaOverlayArea_FB226392_F6EC_48B4_41EA_405F17E635D8.toolTip = Text to Speech ## Action ### Text to Speech TextToSpeechBehaviour_630C37B1_6C60_F55D_41D9_124DDCE3A9CE.text = Art historical literature such as monographs (a detailed history of an artist and his or her work) can be helpful to track the movements of artworks through different time periods. A page from Wilhelm Bode’s Adriaen Brouwer: sein Leben und seine Werke (“Adriaen Brouwer: His Life and His Work”; Berlin, 1924), for instance, reproduces the Picker’s painting as its first image. The caption states that it was in the collection of Maximilian Kellner (1869–1940) at that time. \ \ Wilhelm Bode, Adriaen Brouwer: sein Leben und seine Werke, Berlin 1924. Digital image courtesy of the Getty Research Institute. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_7C5EC58A_6C6F_554F_41C7_A3398F191E39.text = These stamps were found on the reverses of several paintings, including Portrait of a Woman and Men Smoking in an Interior. The first was used by the Austrian Federal Monuments Office (Bundesdenkmalamt) between 1920 and 1934 to approve objects for export. The second appears to contain the Czech words for “Prague” and “Monument.” It could indicate the export of this painting out of Czechoslovakia in the past. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_7C9F5911_6C61_7D5D_41CA_5F0E90219AE2.text = Old photographs kept in specialized photo documentation archives, such as those at the Frick Reference Library in New York City or the Netherlands Institute for Art History (RKD) in The Hague often contain valuable provenance information as well. They can also provide keen insight into a work’s changed physical condition and conservation history. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_7CF4A482_6C61_EB3F_41CD_8B38F24ED027.text = Sometimes physical inspection of the artwork and archival research go hand in hand: an old auction number “167” recorded on the reverse of the panel by Robert Griffier, for instance, makes it likely that this painting was one of a pair sold with the same lot number in London in 1939.This old number can be found on the back of Griffier’s River Landscape.Christie, Manson & Woods, Catalogue of ancient and modern pictures and drawings […]. London, 15 December 1939, lot 167. Digital image courtesy of Christie’s. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_C5993AB8_CA21_54C0_41DB_BF6D90B25505.text = \ Unknown makers \ clockwise from upper left: \ Bowl, perhaps Ming Dynasty, perhaps fifteenth century \ China \ Porcelain \ Gift of Theodore Herman, 1973 dot 25 \ Conical Bowl, ca. eleventh–thirteenth century \ Possibly Turko-Persian Seljuk \ Glazed clay \ Gift of Herbert Mayer class of 1929, 1978 dot 26 \ Dark blue bowl, eleventh century \ Persia (?) \ Glazed clay \ Gift of Herbert Mayer class of 1929, 1978 dot 9 \ Dragon bowl, probably Qing Dynasty, probably circa \ 1862–1874 \ China \ Porcelain \ Gift of Professor and Mrs. Theodore Herman, 1972 dot 27 \ These ceramic vessels demonstrate the range and \ origins of the objects given by donors such as Mayer \ and Herman. Many questions remain about when and \ where these vessels were acquired by the donors, their \ precise dates, and details about their authenticity. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C5C850D6_CA1F_5415_41E1_85C73378888A.text = F. Barbedienne Foundry (active 1838–1952, Paris), after Giambologna (1529–1608) \ Mercury, probably nineteenth-century after a circa 1580 \ original \ Copper alloy, 41 1/2 by 18 inches (105.4 by 45.7 centimeters) \ Gift of Herbert Mayer ‘29, 1966 dot 1 dot 1023 \ \ The F. Barbedienne Foundry was started in Paris in 1838 by Ferdinand Barbedienne and Achille Collas, who was the inventor of a machine that could mechanically reduce statues. Nineteenth-century demand for reproductions of Greek, Roman, Renaissance, and Baroque statues was high, and the foundry was Paris’ primary supplier for these as well as editions by living artists. \ \ This statue, a one-half height reduction of a statue by Giambologna made for the Medici family and now in the Palazzo del Bargello in Florence, was listed in the Picker Art Gallery records as having been donated anonymously. It was given an accession number with the prefix “X,” indicating that the year when it entered the collection was unknown. Research in the museum’s archives revealed that the statue was actually one of over 1,100 works given to Colgate by Herbert Mayer in 1966. Still, some mysteries remain. Mayer is known to have purchased much of the remaining stock from the Leblanc-Barbedienne Foundry when it was sold in 1954, though this statue does not appear to have been part of that sale. No records of the purchase were found in the World House Galleries archives, so other archival sources and sales records will need to be consulted to determine the statue’s full provenance. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_C5D76D36_CA21_2DD7_41DB_3B750F1B0A3A.text = Unknown makers, Mezcala \ Clockwise from upper left: \ Standing figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (volcaniclastic) \ PC1959 dot 30 \ Standing figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1961 dot 006 \ Maskette pendant, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1964 dot 40 \ Seated figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1964 dot 24 \ Collection of the Longyear Museum of Anthropology, \ Colgate University, Gift of Luis de Hoyos class of 1943 \ A selection from the hundreds of Mezcala stone \ objects donated by Luis de Hoyos ’43. These were later \ transferred to the Longyear Museum of Anthropology \ where it was thought they would be better used for \ teaching. LMA is currently exhibiting other objects from \ this collection. TextToSpeechBehaviour_C5DFD090_CA26_F4CB_41DE_DD4501D1612F.text = Unknown maker, Yorùbá \ Ilekun (Door), late nineteenth century \ Perhaps from Ikare, Ondo State, Nigeria \ Wood, 33 by 52 point 5 inches (83.8 by 133.4 centimeters) \ Gift of Jeffrey P. Klein class of 1965, \ 1966 dot.41 \ \ For the Yorùbá people in modern Nigeria, doors carved in low relief signal the dwelling of a person of special distinction. This door, carved in four registers, perhaps belonged to a babaláwo, or diviner, who is depicted on horseback in the third register. \ \ The door was an early gift to the new Art Gallery’s collection. Purchased from Herbert Mayer’s World House Galleries with funds donated by Jeffrey Klein ’65, it is a striking example of Yorùbá sculptural arts. A door in the Brooklyn Museum is carved with the same motifs and may be a mate to the Picker door. The relief panels were certainly admired by Mayer, who either purchased the door himself or through his agents from an antiques shop in Brighton, England in 1959. Mayer would have been keeping a particularly close eye out for good examples of relief sculpture at this time, having opened Sculptura Inc. to reproduce reliefs in bronze. The collection contains one such bronze replica of the third register and traces of plaster from the taking of a mold can still be seen on the door itself. \ \ How and when the door was brought to England is unknown, but the Picker Art Gallery would be very cautious about acquiring such work today without knowing this information, given the door’s cultural significance and the colonial history of the region. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_C65ED099_C9E3_55D8_41CF_2A2AB5161316.text = Unknown maker, Yorùbá \ Ilekun (Door), late nineteenth century \ Perhaps from Ikare, Ondo State, Nigeria \ Wood, 33 by 52 point 5 inches (83.8 by 133.4 centimeters) \ Gift of Jeffrey P. Klein class of 1965, \ 1966 dot.41 \ \ For the Yorùbá people in modern Nigeria, doors carved in low relief signal the dwelling of a person of special distinction. This door, carved in four registers, perhaps belonged to a babaláwo, or diviner, who is depicted on horseback in the third register. \ \ The door was an early gift to the new Art Gallery’s collection. Purchased from Herbert Mayer’s World House Galleries with funds donated by Jeffrey Klein ’65, it is a striking example of Yorùbá sculptural arts. A door in the Brooklyn Museum is carved with the same motifs and may be a mate to the Picker door. The relief panels were certainly admired by Mayer, who either purchased the door himself or through his agents from an antiques shop in Brighton, England in 1959. Mayer would have been keeping a particularly close eye out for good examples of relief sculpture at this time, having opened Sculptura Inc. to reproduce reliefs in bronze. The collection contains one such bronze replica of the third register and traces of plaster from the taking of a mold can still be seen on the door itself. \ \ How and when the door was brought to England is unknown, but the Picker Art Gallery would be very cautious about acquiring such work today without knowing this information, given the door’s cultural significance and the colonial history of the region. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_C771A575_C9E1_7C80_41E3_17D0AE5DCD70.text = Unknown maker, Indian \ Shiva Virabhadra , nineteenth century \ Probably from Western India \ Wood, possibly rosewood \ Purchase of the Friends of the Visual Arts, 1994 dot 10 dot 1 \ Professor Padma Kaimal on the acquisition of this \ sculpture: \ \ When I asked Dewey Mosby to purchase this sculpture \ in 1994, I thought of rescuing it from the unheated, dirty \ barn on Rt. 20 where the owner of the antique store had \ no idea what it was or where it was from. I also thought it \ would be great for teaching because it was familiar (like \ the famous “Dancing Shiva” sculptures) but also unusual \ and puzzling. It was made from wood, not cast metal, \ and the posture was reversed from Shiva’s “Tandava” \ dance. \ \ It was clear the object was not in worship any longer, \ and it was out of India already. I knew that after 1971, it \ was illegal to export art objects of any great age from \ that country. It did not occur to me to require that we \ know everyone who had owned the object previously \ (provenance). In those years, all but the most famous \ kinds of Indian sculpture sold for very little money, \ so I could not imagine a motive for illegal export. I \ certainly could not imagine the sophisticated extraction \ and smuggling rings that I have since learned were \ methodically pillaging sculptures from small villages and \ remote sites in many parts of India for markets in the US \ and Europe. \ \ So it also did not occur to me that part of exhibiting \ this piece honestly would include a narrative of how \ the object came to be at the Picker. Now, though, I am \ happy to tell as much of that story as I have access to, \ and to find out if publicizing this sculpture will bring us \ more information from anyone who might happen to \ know more about it. TextToSpeechBehaviour_CECFFC7E_DAB4_E9AB_41A9_43B4313C3EE2.text = Zao Wou-Ki (French, 1920–2013) \ Pavillon Rouge (Red Pavilion), \ 1954 Oil on canvas, 25.5 by 21.25 inches (64.8 by 54 centimeters) \ Gift of Dr. Harvey Picker ‘36, \ Catalog number 1994 dot 2 dot 3 \ \ Zao Wou-Ki emigrated to France from China in 1948, fleeing ahead of the Communist Party takeover there in 1949. Moving in avant-garde circles in Paris, Zao quickly gained recognition for the fusion of his Chinese heritage with current modes of abstraction. This painting’s title evokes the classic Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber, about the rise and fall of an aristocratic family, while the sign-like forms may have been inspired by Paul Klee, whom the artist admired. \ This painting is one of only eight gifts of artwork by Harvey Picker in the collection, though Harvey and his wife, Jean, followed the lead of Harvey’s mother, Evelyn, in giving generous financial support to the museum. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D0365400_CA27_52F6_41E2_BB690F93EF9F.text = Display case with green velvet lining and glass enclosure, early twentieth century \ The portrait of the woman in red located on a nearby wall was held in this display case with a glass enclosure. While this container has served well to protect the work from damage over the past century, the decision was made to display the painting “out of the box” in this exhibition to allow viewers to appreciate the finely painted details in this work up-close. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D0744164_CA61_F53D_41E6_61A1E320973F.text = genre painting \ The works on this wall are considered “genre” paintings. This \ term came into use during the eighteenth century to refer to \ compositions with anonymous human figures that did not fall \ within other established categories, such as biblical or mythological \ scenes. Genre incorporated many topics of everyday life, yet the \ examples shown here all depict rural subjects. \ Scenes of peasant merrymaking were first popularized by Pieter \ Brueghel the Elder (ca. 1525/30–1569), who was the father of Pieter \ Brueghel II (1564–1638). An important innovator of the tradition was \ Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638), who focused on the depiction \ of interiors and the smoking of tobacco—then a relatively new \ phenomenon—and this was followed by artists such as David \ Ryckaert III (1612–1661). \ Their work was produced for an urban market that associated \ a rural way of life with a more primal nature, and thus stronger \ susceptibility to carnal desires and vices. Art objects like these \ therefore served as markers of social distinction for affluent \ collectors. It was likely a change in consumer taste that eventually \ caused depictions of peasant life to become less crude and more \ idyllic, as evidenced by the work of Isaac van Ostade (1621–1649). \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D07FD301_CA21_36F8_41C1_698F9869659F.text = WHAT ABOUT THE FRAME? \ A painting’s frame serves many different functions. It protects the work and secures it in place, and allows us to hang it on the wall for display. A frame also brings the painted composition in focus by providing an aesthetically pleasing border that complements the work in tone and style, and can help to integrate an artwork into an interior setting. \ But frames are also historic objects in their own right, created by specialized artists and craftsmen, which can accumulate important information about the works they hold over time. The gilded and gesso-carved softwood frame of the portrait of a boy displayed nearby is currently undergoing restoration, but is evoked here by an ephemeral construction of similar dimensions. \ An inscription on the reverse of the absent frame identifies the sitter as the English poet John Milton (1608–1674) at the age of twelve. Research into the veracity of this anonymous assertion continues during this semester. But knowing that the portrait was \ once thought to represent the famous poet helps us to better understand past appreciation of the work and to find references to it in historical records, including auction catalogues. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D0D52744_CA21_5D7F_41C0_AB0BC4C86B67.text = Gilded compo frame with wooden substrate, (probably) early twentieth century \ The tavern scene by Adriaen Brouwer’s workshop on the opposite wall came to the Picker in this frame, which was originally made for a smaller painting. The frame was enlarged to accommodate the larger panel, but unfortunately still covered a significant part of its surface. For this reason, curators decided to give it a new frame that better allows viewers to appreciate the full composition. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D11EDF24_CA21_2D3D_41D8_6656D049E60D.text = Unknown Artist \ Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593– 1661) \ Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), \ 1620 Oil on panel \ Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959 dot 70 \ \ According to the inscription on top, the boy in this work was twelve years old when he posed for his portrait in 1620. That makes him of the same age as famed poet John Milton (1608–1674), with whom the boy has been traditionally identified. Whether or not the sitter is indeed Milton, the decision to depict him holding a copy of Homer’s Iliad indicates that he (or his parents) wished to convey his early interest in letters. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D11EEF24_CA21_2D3D_41E0_AB2B620545CD.text = Gilded compo frame with wooden substrate, (probably) early twentieth century \ The tavern scene by Adriaen Brouwer’s workshop on the opposite wall came to the Picker in this frame, which was originally made for a smaller painting. The frame was enlarged to accommodate the larger panel, but unfortunately still covered a significant part of its surface. For this reason, curators decided to give it a new frame that better allows viewers to appreciate the full composition. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D11F0F23_CA21_2D3B_41B0_5C311354F249.text = WHAT ABOUT THE FRAME? \ A painting’s frame serves many different functions. It protects the work and secures it in place, and allows us to hang it on the wall for display. A frame also brings the painted composition in focus by providing an aesthetically pleasing border that complements the work in tone and style, and can help to integrate an artwork into an interior setting. \ But frames are also historic objects in their own right, created by specialized artists and craftsmen, which can accumulate important information about the works they hold over time. The gilded and gesso-carved softwood frame of the portrait of a boy displayed nearby is currently undergoing restoration, but is evoked here by an ephemeral construction of similar dimensions. \ An inscription on the reverse of the absent frame identifies the sitter as the English poet John Milton (1608–1674) at the age of twelve. Research into the veracity of this anonymous assertion continues during this semester. But knowing that the portrait was \ once thought to represent the famous poet helps us to better understand past appreciation of the work and to find references to it in historical records, including auction catalogues. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D1994D73_CA63_6D1B_41BD_6B114DC10EA2.text = is it a “real” Brouwer? \ While we often think of an artwork as the result of an individual creative process, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century paintings were usually produced in workshops where many hands were at work. In addition to a master painter, assistants in various stages of their training helped to prepare paints, execute works based on the master’s designs, and make precise copies of completed works. \ Styles and compositions that were particularly popular could also be copied by other artists. Sometimes these copies were done in a much later period, and after prints rather than the original painting. The tavern scene to our left probably did originate in the workshop of Adriaen Brouwer. Multiple versions of this same scene are known today. Evidently done by different hands, they likely follow a lost original by Brouwer. \ Experts think that our painting was created by a relatively skilled assistant, and at one point could have included final touch ups by Brouwer himself. Due to over-cleaning of the painting in the past, however, it is now hard to tell to what degree the master himself was involved in the painting process. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D1995D74_CA63_6D1D_41D4_9F00CAFBED46.text = Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638) \ Men Smoking in an Interior, circa 1622–1638 (active) \ Oil on panel, 36.8 by 44.5 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 4 \ \ In this tavern scene three figures are seen drinking and smoking, while a man to the left suffers the consequences of overindulgence. A fifth figure sits by a fireplace in the back. Originally, smoke from this fire would have enveloped the figures in the foreground, defining the work’s subtle atmospheric qualities. This effect, along with a wisp of smoke escaping the lips of the central figure looking upward, were unfortunately lost during previous cleanings. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D1D07FE2_CA21_2D34_4197_EB8FA41BAF87.text = Pieter Brueghel II (Flemish, 1564–1638) \ Winter Landscape with Ice-Skaters, after 1616 \ Oil on panel, 43.2 by 57.8 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2011 dot 10 \ \ Many figures are seen enjoying all that winter has to offer in this scene, based on a print by Hans Bol (1534–1593) first published in Antwerp in 1570. Pieter Brueghel II was the eldest son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder (ca. 1525–1569), in whose style he continued to work throughout his life. This painting is one of at least fifteen known identical versions of this composition, which testifies to the great popularity of the subject when it was made. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D221482A_CAE1_5300_41E9_1853FDC29763.text = Pieter Brueghel II (Flemish, 1564–1638) \ Winter Landscape with Ice-Skaters, after 1616 \ Oil on panel, 43.2 by 57.8 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2011 dot 10 \ \ Many figures are seen enjoying all that winter has to offer in this scene, based on a print by Hans Bol (1534–1593) first published in Antwerp in 1570. Pieter Brueghel II was the eldest son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder (ca. 1525–1569), in whose style he continued to work throughout his life. This painting is one of at least fifteen known identical versions of this composition, which testifies to the great popularity of the subject when it was made. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D359AA43_CA21_D77E_41BB_A92D2A9E121D.text = Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (circa 1605–1638) \ Men Smoking in an Interior, circa 1622–1638 (active) \ Oil on panel, 36.8 by 44.5 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 4 \ \ In this tavern scene three figures are seen drinking and smoking, while a man to the left suffers the consequences of overindulgence. A fifth figure sits by a fireplace in the back. Originally, smoke from this fire would have enveloped the figures in the foreground, defining the work’s subtle atmospheric qualities. This effect, along with a wisp of smoke escaping the lips of the central figure looking upward, were unfortunately lost during previous cleanings. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D359DA43_CA21_D77E_41BC_44F2C1DB3B77.text = Pieter Brueghel II (Flemish, 1564–1638) \ Winter Landscape with Ice-Skaters, after 1616 \ Oil on panel, 43.2 by 57.8 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2011 dot 10 \ \ Many figures are seen enjoying all that winter has to offer in this scene, based on a print by Hans Bol (1534–1593) first published in Antwerp in 1570. Pieter Brueghel II was the eldest son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder (ca. 1525–1569), in whose style he continued to work throughout his life. This painting is one of at least fifteen known identical versions of this composition, which testifies to the great popularity of the subject when it was made. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D35A6A42_CA21_D77E_41E4_4DFA69A72154.text = is it a “real” Brouwer? \ While we often think of an artwork as the result of an individual creative process, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century paintings were usually produced in workshops where many hands were at work. In addition to a master painter, assistants in various stages of their training helped to prepare paints, execute works based on the master’s designs, and make precise copies of completed works. \ Styles and compositions that were particularly popular could also be copied by other artists. Sometimes these copies were done in a much later period, and after prints rather than the original painting. The tavern scene to our left probably did originate in the workshop of Adriaen Brouwer. Multiple versions of this same scene are known today. Evidently done by different hands, they likely follow a lost original by Brouwer. \ Experts think that our painting was created by a relatively skilled assistant, and at one point could have included final touch ups by Brouwer himself. Due to over-cleaning of the painting in the past, however, it is now hard to tell to what degree the master himself was involved in the painting process. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D3CFE26F_CA23_570A_41DC_9E5842A9FE23.text = Unknown Artist \ Previously attributed to Cornelius Janssen van Ceulen (English, Flemish and German descent, 1593– 1661) \ Portrait of a boy, age 12 (possibly John Milton), \ 1620 Oil on panel \ Gift of Capt. C. Michael Paul, 1959 dot 70 \ \ According to the inscription on top, the boy in this work was twelve years old when he posed for his portrait in 1620. That makes him of the same age as famed poet John Milton (1608–1674), with whom the boy has been traditionally identified. Whether or not the sitter is indeed Milton, the decision to depict him holding a copy of Homer’s Iliad indicates that he (or his parents) wished to convey his early interest in letters. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D3F0999F_CA21_550A_41DD_73635E043CAA.text = Display case with green velvet lining and glass enclosure, early twentieth century \ The portrait of the woman in red located on a nearby wall was held in this display case with a glass enclosure. While this container has served well to protect the work from damage over the past century, the decision was made to display the painting “out of the box” in this exhibition to allow viewers to appreciate the finely painted details in this work up-close. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D63ACE89_CA1F_EFF4_41D0_2DCB8C65CF4B.text = genre painting \ The works on this wall are considered “genre” paintings. This \ term came into use during the eighteenth century to refer to \ compositions with anonymous human figures that did not fall \ within other established categories, such as biblical or mythological \ scenes. Genre incorporated many topics of everyday life, yet the \ examples shown here all depict rural subjects. \ Scenes of peasant merrymaking were first popularized by Pieter \ Brueghel the Elder (ca. 1525/30–1569), who was the father of Pieter \ Brueghel II (1564–1638). An important innovator of the tradition was \ Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638), who focused on the depiction \ of interiors and the smoking of tobacco—then a relatively new \ phenomenon—and this was followed by artists such as David \ Ryckaert III (1612–1661). \ Their work was produced for an urban market that associated \ a rural way of life with a more primal nature, and thus stronger \ susceptibility to carnal desires and vices. Art objects like these \ therefore served as markers of social distinction for affluent \ collectors. It was likely a change in consumer taste that eventually \ caused depictions of peasant life to become less crude and more \ idyllic, as evidenced by the work of Isaac van Ostade (1621–1649). \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D8AEA684_CB20_851C_41E6_6A167C554DDB.text = is it a “real” Brouwer? \ While we often think of an artwork as the result of an individual creative process, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century paintings were usually produced in workshops where many hands were at work. In addition to a master painter, assistants in various stages of their training helped to prepare paints, execute works based on the master’s designs, and make precise copies of completed works. \ Styles and compositions that were particularly popular could also be copied by other artists. Sometimes these copies were done in a much later period, and after prints rather than the original painting. The tavern scene to our left probably did originate in the workshop of Adriaen Brouwer. Multiple versions of this same scene are known today. Evidently done by different hands, they likely follow a lost original by Brouwer. \ Experts think that our painting was created by a relatively skilled assistant, and at one point could have included final touch ups by Brouwer himself. Due to over-cleaning of the painting in the past, however, it is now hard to tell to what degree the master himself was involved in the painting process. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_D8AF7685_CB20_851C_41DB_5F90CF3C3E0B.text = Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (circa 1605–1638) \ Men Smoking in an Interior, circa 1622–1638 (active) \ Oil on panel, 36.8 by 44.5 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 4 \ \ In this tavern scene three figures are seen drinking and smoking, while a man to the left suffers the consequences of overindulgence. A fifth figure sits by a fireplace in the back. Originally, smoke from this fire would have enveloped the figures in the foreground, defining the work’s subtle atmospheric qualities. This effect, along with a wisp of smoke escaping the lips of the central figure looking upward, were unfortunately lost during previous cleanings. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DC3849C8_CA22_D507_41D9_F7E3CC2BD62D.text = Unknown Artist \ Portrait of a Woman, ca. 1530–1540 \ Oil on panel, 32.4 by 24.8 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 1 \ \ This striking portrait of a young woman was likely painted during the 1530s. In the Renaissance period, costumes were far more than a fashion statement: contemporary audiences could deduce social markers from it, such as social class and marital status, or a person’s region of origin. Research into the possible identity of this mysterious lady in red—whose dress has been interpreted as French, Swiss, or even Tyrolean (a region in the Alps that borders Italy and Austria)—continues. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DCA02228_CA21_5707_41B0_918649682211.text = WHO MADE IT? \ When a work is not signed, an artwork may be attributed to an artist based on stylistic similarities to other known works. This process, referred to as “connoisseurship,” was once the main method of art historical inquiry. Over time, however, such reliance on the “eye” of experts has been criticized as too subjective. \ Questions regarding authorship surround several unsigned works in this exhibition, such as the drawing located nearby that is currently assigned to the Dutch artist Pieter de Neyn (1597–1639). The moonlit landscape to our left has long been attributed to the Dutch painter Aert van der Neer (ca. 1603–1677), but experts have disputed this attribution since at least 1985. Pigment analysis is currently underway to determine if the work may in fact date to a later period. \ The artist responsible for the portrait of the lady in red to our right remains unknown, but was attributed in the early twentieth century to an unidentified artist known as the Master of the Regent Maria. This pseudonym was first used by art historian Max J. Friedländer (1867–1958), who later proposed this could be William Scrots (active 1537–1551), a Flemish artist who worked both for Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) in Brussels and the Tudor court in London. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DCE49E2E_CA22_EF19_41DF_7BA70F4C735B.text = David Ryckaert III (Flemish, 1612–1661) \ Interior of an Inn with Four Figures, circa 1640 \ Oil on panel, 53.7 by 69.2 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 3 \ \ Similar to the painting by Brouwer’s workshop to the left, the subject of this work revolves around the risks of indulging the senses. Here, the two central figures are an amorous couple seated in the foreground, whose feet touch to allude to the mix of intoxication and desire that is taking hold. A tally of imbibed drinks is kept in chalk on the stool to the right, where a cat looks at the viewer knowingly. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DD3BC36B_CAE7_3500_41D4_4D3455A519EA.text = Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (circa 1605–1638) \ Men Smoking in an Interior, circa 1622–1638 (active) \ Oil on panel, 36.8 by 44.5 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 4 \ \ In this tavern scene three figures are seen drinking and smoking, while a man to the left suffers the consequences of overindulgence. A fifth figure sits by a fireplace in the back. Originally, smoke from this fire would have enveloped the figures in the foreground, defining the work’s subtle atmospheric qualities. This effect, along with a wisp of smoke escaping the lips of the central figure looking upward, were unfortunately lost during previous cleanings. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DD4C3E51_CA21_2F1D_41E4_BE535638E1F8.text = Isaac van Ostade (Dutch, 1621–1649) \ Peasants at a Doorway, circa 1639-1649 (active) \ Oil on panel, 50.8 by 47 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 2 \ \ In contrast to the two tavern interiors nearby, the figures in this scene are seated outside in bright daylight. While the men seem idle, the woman is winding a skein of yarn, evoking the fruits of labor rather than leisure. A gifted colorist, Van Ostade has provided the texture of the decrepit wall in the foreground with almost jewel-like qualities, while the travelers trailing off to the left lend depth to the expansive sky behind. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DD4C7E52_CA21_2F1F_41BE_3E5826A524BF.text = David Ryckaert III (Flemish, 1612–1661) \ Interior of an Inn with Four Figures, circa 1640 \ Oil on panel, 53.7 by 69.2 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 3 \ \ Similar to the painting by Brouwer’s workshop to the left, the subject of this work revolves around the risks of indulging the senses. Here, the two central figures are an amorous couple seated in the foreground, whose feet touch to allude to the mix of intoxication and desire that is taking hold. A tally of imbibed drinks is kept in chalk on the stool to the right, where a cat looks at the viewer knowingly. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DD4CAE52_CA21_2F1F_41DE_32ACC5D9E205.text = Workshop of Adriaen Brouwer (ca. 1605–1638) \ Men Smoking in an Interior, circa 1622–1638 (active) \ Oil on panel, 36.8 by 44.5 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 4 \ \ In this tavern scene three figures are seen drinking and smoking, while a man to the left suffers the consequences of overindulgence. A fifth figure sits by a fireplace in the back. Originally, smoke from this fire would have enveloped the figures in the foreground, defining the work’s subtle atmospheric qualities. This effect, along with a wisp of smoke escaping the lips of the central figure looking upward, were unfortunately lost during previous cleanings. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DD9E34B2_CAE1_5300_41E5_CBD84BC67246.text = is it a “real” Brouwer? \ While we often think of an artwork as the result of an individual creative process, sixteenth- and seventeenth-century paintings were usually produced in workshops where many hands were at work. In addition to a master painter, assistants in various stages of their training helped to prepare paints, execute works based on the master’s designs, and make precise copies of completed works. \ Styles and compositions that were particularly popular could also be copied by other artists. Sometimes these copies were done in a much later period, and after prints rather than the original painting. The tavern scene to our left probably did originate in the workshop of Adriaen Brouwer. Multiple versions of this same scene are known today. Evidently done by different hands, they likely follow a lost original by Brouwer. \ Experts think that our painting was created by a relatively skilled assistant, and at one point could have included final touch ups by Brouwer himself. Due to over-cleaning of the painting in the past, however, it is now hard to tell to what degree the master himself was involved in the painting process. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DDF21124_CAE1_3502_41E6_2ACC9E188993.text = WHO MADE IT? \ When a work is not signed, an artwork may be attributed to an artist based on stylistic similarities to other known works. This process, referred to as “connoisseurship,” was once the main method of art historical inquiry. Over time, however, such reliance on the “eye” of experts has been criticized as too subjective. \ Questions regarding authorship surround several unsigned works in this exhibition, such as the drawing located nearby that is currently assigned to the Dutch artist Pieter de Neyn (1597–1639). The moonlit landscape to our left has long been attributed to the Dutch painter Aert van der Neer (ca. 1603–1677), but experts have disputed this attribution since at least 1985. Pigment analysis is currently underway to determine if the work may in fact date to a later period. \ The artist responsible for the portrait of the lady in red to our right remains unknown, but was attributed in the early twentieth century to an unidentified artist known as the Master of the Regent Maria. This pseudonym was first used by art historian Max J. Friedländer (1867–1958), who later proposed this could be William Scrots (active 1537–1551), a Flemish artist who worked both for Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) in Brussels and the Tudor court in London. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DDF24124_CAE1_3502_41E3_8302B5A9F826.text = Unknown Artist \ Portrait of a Woman, circa 1530–1540 \ Oil on panel, 32.4 by 24.8 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 1 \ \ This striking portrait of a young woman was likely painted during the 1530s. In the Renaissance period, costumes were far more than a fashion statement: contemporary audiences could deduce social markers from it, such as social class and marital status, or a person’s region of origin. Research into the possible identity of this mysterious lady in red—whose dress has been interpreted as French, Swiss, or even Tyrolean (a region in the Alps that borders Italy and Austria)—continues. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DE5FB0C9_CA21_5328_41D2_C1D9EB113D9D.text = Henry DiSpirito (American, born Italy, 1898–1995) \ Female Head, 1956 \ Pink cobblestone granite, 10 by 8 1/4 by 7 1/2 inches (25.4 by 21 by 19.1 centimeters) \ Purchase by Colgate University, 1965 dot 45 \ \ Despite showing at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York in the 1950s, Henry DiSpirito only ever achieved regional recognition as a sculptor in central New York. A longtime artist-in-residence at Utica College from 1963 to 1995, DiSpirito was invited to mount his first solo exhibition at Colgate by Professor Alfred Krakusin in 1948. This sculpture, displaying the artist’s penchant for creating figures and animals that emerge from raw, rounded fieldstone, was an early purchase by the Department of Fine Arts in 1957 for the nascent art collection at Colgate. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF3E7040_CA21_530A_41BC_B44ABAB8B996.text = Unknown Artist \ Previously attributed to Aert van der Neer (Dutch, circa 1603–1677) \ River Landscape by Moonlight, possibly nineteenth century \ Oil on panel, 57.2 by 80.6 centimeters \ Gift of Herbert Mayer ’29, 1966.dot 1 dot 792 \ \ When the Dutch art market expanded during the seventeenth century, artists developed highly specialized subject matter to meet increased consumer demand. In the 1640s, Amsterdam-based Van der Neer popularized moonlit landscapes that featured an innovative use of light and reflections. These romantic qualities made his work very popular during the nineteenth century, when copies and forgeries after the artist proliferated. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DF8507F5_CA27_FD0B_41D3_6A2FCE985E38.text = Robert Griffier (Dutch, ca. 1675–1760) \ River Landscape, circa 1725 \ Oil on panel, 45.7 by 59.4 centimeters \ Gift of Dr. Howard E. Wilson ’51, 1957 dot 10 \ \ This landscape provides an almost panoramic overview of a bustling river valley. Boats depart to ship goods to cities and towns downstream, connecting this idyllic country scene to the urban centers where paintings such as these were bought and sold. As in the painting by Van Ostade nearby, figures are grouped outside a building to the right. Here the artist has likely represented a rest stop, where travelers enjoy refreshments and entertainment from an itinerant musician. \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DFAEAB66_CA21_3509_41E4_D08C0CA7B376.text = Isaac van Ostade (Dutch, 1621–1649) \ Peasants at a Doorway, circa 1639-1649 (active) \ Oil on panel, 50.8 by 47 centimeters \ Gift of Max Oberlander, 2015 dot 5 dot 2 \ \ In contrast to the two tavern interiors nearby, the figures in this scene are seated outside in bright daylight. While the men seem idle, the woman is winding a skein of yarn, evoking the fruits of labor rather than leisure. A gifted colorist, Van Ostade has provided the texture of the decrepit wall in the foreground with almost jewel-like qualities, while the travelers trailing off to the left lend depth to the expansive sky behind. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DFCA440B_CA21_D329_41C0_3CF71D91B2BC.text = Unknown makers \ Left to right, top to bottom: \ Portrait in Profile, circa 1805 \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 10 \ Portrait of a Woman with Lamb, circa 1800 \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 24 \ Female Figure with Musical Instruments, n.d. \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 41 \ Portrait of a Woman, sixteenth century \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 37 \ Portrait of Louis the 13th, King of France, \ seventeenth century \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 32 \ Portrait of Empress Josephine of France, n.d. \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 13 \ Portrait of Napoleon, n.d. \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970.dot 1 dot 14 \ Figure on Shell, sixteenth century \ France \ Enamel on copper \ 1970 dot 1 dot 42 \ Gifts of Grace E. Loegler, Buffalo, in memory of her \ brother, Frank Charles Loegler ‘07 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_DFF88A48_CA21_D714_41E7_A960C0ED5294.text = Sean Mellyn (American, born 1965) \ Firefly, 1999 \ Oil on canvas, 20 feet. rubber cord \ Gift from the collection of G. Ronald Kastner, Ph.D., \ class of 1971, 2019 dot 1 dot 2 \ Brooklyn-based artist Sean Mellyn is liberal in his use of \ trompe l’loeil (literally, “deceive the eye,” used by artists to \ create deceptively realistic illusions). He often combines \ his canvases with sculpture and other materials. Many of \ his works draw upon 1950s advertising imagery, creating \ subtly eerie twists and alterations to the nostalgic and \ kitschy figures and objects. \ In this painting, Mellyn combines careful brush and color \ work with a rubber cord to blur the boundaries between \ image and object. Acquired in 2019, Firefly joins a very \ small group of paintings made after 1995. Strengthening \ holdings of contemporary painting in the collection is one \ of the museums goals as it looks to the future. TextToSpeechBehaviour_DFFF5737_CA2E_DD73_41E0_1CF8060F7B26.text = Lee Brown Coye (American, 1907–1981) after Ivan \ Meštrović (Croatian, 1883–1962) \ St. Jerome, n.d. (original circa 1955) \ Copper alloy, 25 by 15 inches (63.5 by 38.1 centimeters) \ Gift of Robert Coye class of 1954, \ 2009 dot 2 dot 29 \ \ Croatian artist Ivan Meštrović was a professor of sculpture at Syracuse University from 1947 to 1955. During that time, he became acquainted with Alfred Krakusin, who likely also introduced him to Herbert Mayer ’29 and Lee Brown Coye. This relief, a product of the Sculptura Inc. workshop, is based on a sculpture made by Meštrović for the Croatian Church of St. Jerome in Detroit, Michigan. Saint Jerome holds special significance for Croatians. Born in Dalmatia—an ancient Roman province that incorporated the territory of modern Croatia—St. Jerome is perhaps best known for translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate). The Church of St. Jerome in Detroit dissolved in 1996 and the original sculpture is now installed in the St. Lucy Catholic Croatian Church in Troy, Michigan. \ \ Coye may have used an earlier model to create the mold to cast this sculpture. Meštrović’s original is larger and there are differences in the tilt of the head, the rendering of the hands and feet, and the way the figure’s garment is draped around his torso. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E00A307B_F964_4562_41E8_A751B08B9D18.text = Stephen Hoke (American, born 1951) \ Centaur Delivering a Dove to the City, 1973 \ Etching \ Edition 149 of 200 \ Gift of Paul J. Schupf ’58, 1973 dot 20 \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E20BA53D_FADC_4CA4_41EA_33F9FCFB8B13.text = Thomas Nast (American, born in Germany, 1840–1902) \ The Off Year, from Harper’s Weekly, (November 17, 1877), \ cover \ Saved (?) by the Skin of His ---, from Harper’s Weekly, \ (November 24, 1877), cover \ Gifts of Thomas Nast III ‘37, 1976 dot 159 dot 943; 1976 dot 159 dot 946 \ Cartoons have long been an important mode of visual \ communication, conveying ideas both serious and \ comedic. \ Thomas Nast is widely known as the “father” of modern \ political cartooning. He is credited for popularizing \ the elephant and the donkey as symbols for the \ Republican and Democratic parties, respectively. This \ pair of illustrated covers conveys the divisive nature \ of politics at the end of the Reconstruction Period, \ embodied by the Compromise of 1877, an informal \ deal between Democrats and Republicans that put \ Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House. In one cover, \ Stanley Matthews, an Ohio senator who helped \ engineer the Compromise, is shown mercilessly driving \ the Republican elephant over an unstable bridge. The \ cover from the following week depicts the elephant (and \ the party) having narrowly averted an election disaster \ thanks to a handful of states. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E20E0496_FADD_CC67_41EC_FCD01902E722.text = Lee Brown Coye (American, 1907–1981) after Ivan \ Meštrović (Croatian, 1883–1962) \ St. Jerome, n.d. (original circa 1955) \ Copper alloy, 25 by 15 inches (63.5 by 38.1 centimeters) \ Gift of Robert Coye ’54, 2009 dot 2 dot 29 \ \ Croatian artist Ivan Meštrović was a professor of sculpture at Syracuse University from 1947 to 1955. During that time, he became acquainted with Alfred Krakusin, who likely also introduced him to Herbert Mayer ’29 and Lee Brown Coye. This relief, a product of the Sculptura Inc. workshop, is based on a sculpture made by Meštrović for the Croatian Church of St. Jerome in Detroit, Michigan. Saint Jerome holds special significance for Croatians. Born in Dalmatia—an ancient Roman province that incorporated the territory of modern Croatia—St. Jerome is perhaps best known for translating the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate). The Church of St. Jerome in Detroit dissolved in 1996 and the original sculpture is now installed in the St. Lucy Catholic Croatian Church in Troy, Michigan. \ \ Coye may have used an earlier model to create the mold to cast this sculpture. Meštrović’s original is larger and there are differences in the tilt of the head, the rendering of the hands and feet, and the way the figure’s garment is draped around his torso. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E230F75E_FADD_CCE7_41D7_47D14F745DAA.text = LOOKING FORWARD, \ LOOKING BACK \ When Dewey F. Mosby, director of the Picker Art Gallery since \ 1981, retired in 2003, the museum went through a series of \ directors, interim directors, and curators who would serve in the \ role for a short time. Although purchases and individual gifts \ slowed somewhat during this period, some large-scale donations \ significantly altered the landscape of the collection. \ Central New York artist and illustrator Lee Brown Coye had been \ an established presence at Colgate and the Picker Art Gallery \ since the 1950s. His work was exhibited in both the Lawrence \ Hall basement gallery and the early Picker Art Gallery. Coye had \ moved to Hamilton to work at Sculptura, an enterprise started \ by Herbert Mayer and Alfred Krakusin to replicate ancient \ relief sculpture. Several paintings by Coye were donated to \ the museum after his death in 1981, but a gift made in 2007 \ and 2009 by Coye’s son Robert Coye ’54 and his wife Norma \ of thousands of drawings, prints, paintings, and sculptures now \ represents approximately 20% of all the museum’s holdings. \ We have only recently begun to study and understand the \ significance of this collection. \ Prior to 2013, the Picker Art Gallery collection lacked significant \ representation of art from the twenty-first century. The gift in \ that year of eight portfolios from the alternative arts space Exit \ Art went a long way in addressing that lack—though this is still \ an area of the collection that requires further development. \ Featuring mostly prints and photographs by both established \ and early career artists, the portfolios were an important addition \ to the collection of works by contemporary artists who often \ challenge notions of race, gender, sexuality, and identity. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E37DE89C_FADC_C464_41B0_A062484E7465.text = Natalie Frank (American, born 1980) \ In the Hall, from the Exit Art portfolio America America, 2009 \ Four color lithograph with hand coloring, 29 by 21 3 quarter inches (73.66 by 55.25 centimeters) \ Gift of Exit Art, 2013 dot 9 dot 1.4 \ \ Exit Art was founded in 1982, by Jeanette Ingberman and Papo Colo. The Manhattan-based, non-profit arts organization was dedicated to supporting and exhibiting artists of all colors, backgrounds, languages, genders, faiths, and perspectives. Ingberman and Colo created exhibitions examining censored and sanctioned art, presenting the activities and histories of alternative and activist communities, independent media, and a variety of unconventional artists. \ \ The nude figure in this lithograph is a friend of Natalie Frank. The artist once stated “If you have a portrait of a female face, it does not mean that the figure below the face is also female. There is no below the face; you’re looking at a painting.” As a youth, Frank created self serious, figurative paintings. As she developed, the artist realized she needed to put more of her own narrative into her work—this involved perversity, fetish, playacting, sexuality, violence, women, and the body. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E392585C_FADC_C4E4_41D9_9C6794D2F911.text = Albert Herter (American, 1871–1950) \ In the Name of Mercy, Give!, 1918 \ Lithograph, 38 by 25 inches (96.5 by 63.5 centimeters) \ Gift of Henry Colgate, 1982 dot 24 dot 235 \ \ Posters were a potent form of broadcast communication during World War I; cheap and easy to reproduce, they could draw on charged imagery to stir up public support for the war effort. This print is part of a collection of World War I propaganda posters donated by Henry A. Colgate probably sometime around 1942, one of the earliest acquisitions of art by the University. \ \ Albert Herter’s poster offers a glimpse into how propaganda was used to link the home front to the front lines. In the image, a nurse bearing the emblem of the Red Cross comforts a wounded soldier and stares fixedly to the left where her appeal, denoted by the poster’s text, seems to be directed. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E3A513C7_FADC_4BEE_41ED_DBFB0915CFE1.text = OBJECTS AND IMAGES \ As a geography professor and founder of Colgate’s Peace \ and Conflict Studies Program, Theodore Herman was a strong \ proponent of increasing Colgate students’ understanding of China \ through exposure to its visual and material culture. In addition to \ donations of over 200 modern Chinese woodcut prints, Herman \ and his wife Evelyn Chen Shi-ying also gave a number of threedimensional \ works, including ceramics and small-scale sculptures. \ These objects are joined in the collection by vessels, decorative \ arts, furniture, and instruments from Persia, Japan, Mexico, \ Southeast Asia, Africa, and Europe. \ A sizeable portion of the total collection includes approximately \ 2,000 cartoons from various artists. The majority are nineteenth \ century political cartoons made by Thomas Nast for the magazine \ Harpers Weekly, donated by his grandson, Colgate alumnus \ Thomas Nast III ’37. This large collection offers a variety of insights \ into popular views of the political, cultural, and social issues of the \ time when and place where they were created. \ Works on paper are generally less expensive than paintings or \ sculptures and are attractive for collectors and museums wishing \ to acquire artworks by significant artists or to expand the types of \ images represented in the collection. Approximately two-thirds \ of the Picker Art Gallery collection consists of drawing, prints, \ and posters, depicting a wide variety of subjects and facilitating \ thematic arrangements for display or for teaching. In this section, \ for example, Chinese woodcuts and an etching by German \ artist Otto Dix expose the ruinous effects of war, while American \ propaganda posters from World War I position support of war \ efforts as virtuous. Alongside these, editorial cartoons tap into \ some common anxieties of the general population. \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E3EC9022_FADC_44A3_41DC_E1A1AAF21161.text = Li Hua (Chinese, 1907–1994) \ Returning Home, 1945 \ Woodcut \ Gift of Professor and Mrs. Theodore Herman, 1980 dot 1 dot 18 \ \ The Picker’s collection of more than 200 modern \ Chinese woodcut prints produced during World War II \ and the Chinese Civil War is one of the world’s largest. \ Many of the prints, which often depict scenes of war \ or of daily peasant life, were given directly by future \ Colgate professor, Theodore Herman, who fled China \ in 1948, ahead of the communist takeover there. The \ prints are a valuable source of imagery and information \ about the burgeoning Chinese woodcut movement; a \ large percentage of prints from this period have been \ destroyed, both purposely and through deterioration. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E400BEE4_FADC_7DA5_41D5_1B752C0778E8.text = Jim Bresnan (American, dates unknown) \ Hitler’s Problems, 1942 \ Black ink, charcoal, and colored pencil \ Gift of Alan and Sylvia Neigher, 2001 dot 5 dot 20 \ The United States entered World War II on December \ 8, 1941. The majority of U.S. troops were sent to North \ Africa to train with the Allies, allowing time for the troops \ to mobilize and learn tactical skills. \ In this cartoon, Jim Bresnan uses Edgar Allan Poe’s \ poem “The Raven” as an allusion to Adolf Hitler’s \ outlook in 1942. The image offers commentary \ predicting the demise of Hitler after the United States \ became actively involved in WWII. A bandaged and \ shaking Hitler recoils from a raven representing the 2nd \ Front in Africa. Like the narrator in Poe’s poem, Hitler is \ in mental turmoil and had been studying a book—Mein \ Kampf—now carelessly dropped on the floor. To make \ the point clearer, a mouse in the corner repeats the \ raven’s message of doom. The cartoon is believed to \ have appeared in the Bridgeport Herald (Connecticut). \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E42817A8_FB64_CCF1_41EE_6F5107ACDDA5.text = Unknown Artist (Flemish) \ Lamentation over the Dead Christ, seventeenth century \ Pen and brown ink, grey wash on cream laid paper \ Gift of William P. Carl ’74, 1986 dot 44 \ This scene combines two emotionally charged moments from the Passion: the Lamentation and Entombment. Several figures, including the Virgin Mary, Mary Magdalen, Nicodemus, and Joseph of Arimathea are seen mourning Christ’s dead body as itis lowered into his tomb, while a view of Golgotha is provided to the left. The drawing is thought to be Flemish based on stylistic characteristics, yet its precise provenance and authorship remain unknown. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E4AB5546_FADC_4CE7_41EB_4817F5C4BBED.text = SCULPTURA, INC. \ Professor of Art Alfred Krakusin not only worked closely \ with alumnus Herbert Mayer ’29 to exhibit works from \ the latter’s collection at Colgate, but also served as an \ advisor to Mayer and director of World House Galleries. \ In the late 1950s, the two men founded Sculptura, Inc., \ a company specializing in the creation of decorative \ bronze reproductions of ancient relief sculptures. \ Most of the reliefs were taken from casts of Pharaonic \ Egyptian monuments, though the company also offered \ reproductions of reliefs from other ancient civilizations \ such as the Assyrian and Angkor empires. \ Casting took place in the former Hamilton Railroad \ Depot and used an innovative process developed by \ Krakusin. The process involved creating a negative \ mold, melting thin bronze wires and spraying the \ alloy into the mold, reinforcing with a coating of \ zinc, applying a patina finish, and a final buffing \ and polishing. The finished product would then be \ shipped to Mayer in Manhattan to be sold at World \ House Galleries. Mold-making and production was \ overseen by artist Lee Brown Coye, who had relocated \ to Hamilton by 1959 specifically to be a part of the \ Sculptura enterprise. The business flourished initially, \ but success was short-lived and Sculptura ceased \ operations in 1964. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E4BABC41_FB64_43B0_41CA_E1003815141A.text = Attributed to Pieter de Neyn (Dutch, 1597–1639) \ Landscape with Ambush of Travelers, ca. 1617–1639 (active). \ Black chalk on paper \ Purchase of the Robert J. Gerberg ’59, P’85 Fund, 1996 dot 9 \ De Neyn calls attention to the perils of the road in this swift and decisively executed drawing. The scene captures the dramatic moment in which robbers take ownership of the contents of a horsedrawn wagon that has been held up at gunpoint, leaving one traveler face-down in the center foreground. Specific details, such as the depiction of the meandering trees and the convincingly foreshortened horses support the attribution to this Leiden-based landscape painter. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E4D557EE_FADC_4BA7_41E6_22BEDD392007.text = Lee Brown Coye (American, 1907–1981) \ Train at Station, 1940 \ Woodcut, 8 7 eighths by 10 and 1 half inches (22.5 by 26.7 centimeters) \ Gifts of Robert Coye ’54, 2009 dot 2 dot 8 \ \ Lee Brown Coye (American, 1907–1981) \ American Interior, 1954 \ Woodcut, 8 7 eighths by 10 1 half inches (22.5 by 26.7 centimeters) \ Gifts of Robert Coye ’54, 2009 dot 2 dot 9 \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E5D9F83C_FB64_43CD_41A0_55ADD3239588.text = Tracing the object \ \ When an artwork enters a collection, museum curators usually start their investigation by closely examining the object itself. In the case of a painting, one may note the materials and techniques used and search for a signature. The back of a painting (typically called the reverse, or verso) can also hold significant clues, such as old inventory numbers, stamps, or inscriptions that say something about where a work has been in the past. \ Researchers will also survey literature and archives to find out if the artwork in question has been previously published or assessed by other experts. This can yield valuable information about a work’s life before arriving at the museum, such as earlier interpretations of its subject matter, longstanding attributions, and past owners. \ Old photographs kept in specialized photo documentation archives can also provide insight into a work’s changed physical condition and conservation history. Sometimes physical inspection of the artwork and archival research go hand in hand: an old auction number “167” recorded on the reverse of the panel by Robert Griffier nearby makes it likely that this painting was one of a pair sold with the same lot number in London in 1939. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E65EC901_F763_D994_41EE_575BABD284F2.text = \ Unknown makers \ clockwise from upper left: \ Bowl, perhaps Ming Dynasty, perhaps fifteenth century \ China \ Porcelain \ Gift of Theodore Herman, 1973 dot 25 \ Conical Bowl, ca. eleventh–thirteenth century \ Possibly Turko-Persian Seljuk \ Glazed clay \ Gift of Herbert Mayer class of 1929, 1978 dot 26 \ Dark blue bowl, eleventh century \ Persia (?) \ Glazed clay \ Gift of Herbert Mayer class of 1929, 1978 dot 9 \ Dragon bowl, probably Qing Dynasty, probably circa \ 1862–1874 \ China \ Porcelain \ Gift of Professor and Mrs. Theodore Herman, 1972 dot 27 \ These ceramic vessels demonstrate the range and \ origins of the objects given by donors such as Mayer \ and Herman. Many questions remain about when and \ where these vessels were acquired by the donors, their \ precise dates, and details about their authenticity. TextToSpeechBehaviour_E695DBED_F6E4_D864_41B1_1E7843DC36C0.text = Mohan Samant (Indian, active United States, 1924–2004) \ Micro Cosmos: Bla, Bla, Let’s Get it Over With, 1975 \ Pen, ink, marker, and watercolor on paper \ \ Gift of Herbert Mayer ’29, in conjunction with the class of \ 1929 Memorial Scholarship Fund, 2013 dot 1 dot 2 TextToSpeechBehaviour_E6D8AFA4_F6EF_D89C_41ED_E5DAB4B58FF5.text = AUTHENTICITY \ Both private collectors and museums spend a lot \ of time attempting to determine the authenticity of \ the artworks and objects they collect. It is important \ to establish that a work of art was in fact made by \ the person to whom it is attributed if we are to fully \ understand how an artist fits into a broader history of \ art—not to mention understanding the market value of \ the work. Similarly, knowing that we are dealing with \ authentic examples of a community’s material culture \ helps guard against misinterpretations of the evidence. \ Part of a museum’s responsibility to its collection \ and its audiences is to establish, where possible, the \ authenticity of objects in its care. \ Despite their potential to skew scholarship and markets, \ fakes, forgeries, and imitations have their own value, \ especially in a teaching museum. Authenticity has not \ always been one of the foremost concerns of collectors. \ Many travelers of the Grand Tour during the eighteenth \ century, for example, sought out high-quality imitations \ of their favorite sculptures to add to their art collections. \ These objects present opportunities to ask questions \ about how we assign value and can offer insights into \ both elite and popular culture of a given time and \ place. The topics of authenticity and attributions are \ explored further in Works in Progress: Original Materials \ from the Netherlands. TextToSpeechBehaviour_E797906C_FAE4_44D5_41EE_79B879E3A011.text = TRACKING COLLECTIONS \ A museum collection can be understood as a type of \ archive and, like any archive, requires a high degree of \ organization and record-keeping in order to preserve \ its integrity. Substantial metadata surround every \ object, from information about the people involved \ in its acquisition, to its recorded location, history of \ movements, insurance values, and previous inventory \ numbers. The diligent recording of such information \ aids museum staff, researchers, and others in better \ understanding an object and its realtionships to the \ collection and institution. \ Accession numbers are a common piece of information \ found on museum labels—including the ones in this \ exhibition. These are unique identifiers for every object \ in the collection and are usually physically inscribed \ on the object itself. A frequently used system includes \ the year of accession followed by a running number \ recording the sequence in which an object entered the \ collection. For example, the number 2020.1 denotes the \ first acquisition of the year 2020. However, one must be \ cautious when using accession numbers to reconstruct \ collections histories. In 1982, Picker Art Gallery staff \ started accessioning many “found in collection” \ objects—works with no accession number assigned. As \ a result, many artworks that entered the collection much \ earlier, such as the World War I propaganda posters \ probably donated around 1942 by Henry A. Colgate, \ now bear 1982 accession numbers. \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E9332A03_F9A3_C4D3_41EC_34A47D7EA284.text = Ivan Meštrović (Croatian, 1883–1962) \ Woman at the Foot of the Cross, before 1948 \ Wood (walnut), 15 3 16ths by 14 3 16ths by 5 11 16ths inches (38.58 by 36 by 14.45 cm) \ Gift of Jack ‘50 and Harriet Hemenway, 2008 dot 8 \ \ Ivan Meštrović was a prolific sculptor who worked in bronze, stone, and wood. Having already gained international attention for dynamic and expressive figural sculptures, Meštrović emigrated to the United States in 1947 when he took up a position as professor of sculpture at Syracuse University. That same year, he became the first living artist to be given a one-person \ exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. In 1955 he left Syracuse for a professorship at the University of Notre Dame, where he continued to teach sculpture until his death in 1962. \ \ This relief is one of hundreds of sculptures containing religious themes made by Meštrović. Depicting a well known motif from European depictions of the crucifixion of Christ, the relief was part of an exhibition of nine sculptures by Meštrović arranged by Alfred Krakusin and shown in Lawrence Hall in 1950. The exhibition also featured a crucifix by the artist now in the collection \ of Chapel House. Woman at the Foot of the Cross was purchased directly from the artist in 1952 by alumnus Jack Hemenway ’50 and remained in his collection until donated to the Picker in 2008. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_E972DF2A_F9BD_FCD2_41DA_2A7E823E5374.text = Unknown makers, Mezcala \ Clockwise from upper left: \ Standing figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (volcaniclastic) \ PC1959 dot 30 \ Standing figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1961 dot 006 \ Maskette pendant, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1964 dot 40 \ Seated figure, ca. 500 BCE to 300 CE \ Mezcala, Guerrero, Mexico \ Stone (serpentine) \ PC1964 dot 24 \ Collection of the Longyear Museum of Anthropology, \ Colgate University, Gift of Luis de Hoyos class of 1943 \ A selection from the hundreds of Mezcala stone \ objects donated by Luis de Hoyos ’43. These were later \ transferred to the Longyear Museum of Anthropology \ where it was thought they would be better used for \ teaching. LMA is currently exhibiting other objects from \ this collection. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EA219D54_F9AD_FF4A_41CA_94F15FC9DB20.text = Stanley Anderson (British, 1884–1966) \ Quai Duperré, La Rochelle, 1928 \ Drypoint \ Louis Lozowick (American, born in Ukraine, 1892–1973) \ Oil Country, 1936 \ Lithograph \ Gifts of Ingrid Rose in Memory of Milton M. Rose, \ \ 2018 dot 2. dot 9, \ \ 2018 dot 2 dot 13 \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EAEFE5DF_F9A4_4F74_41E2_7509717FA81C.text = \ Painting with St. Sebastian Figure, no. 1, 1984 \ Oil, Magna, alkyd resin, wood, fabric, cardboard, and gold leaf on wood panel, 66 by 50 by 5 inches (167.6 by 127 by 12.7 centimeters) \ Gift of Donald E. Dellen ’62, 1992 dot 40 \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EBDD0EA9_F9A5_DDDD_41EE_912F5B69FD14.text = Romare Bearden (American, 1911–1988) \ Girl in the Garden, 1979 \ Lithograph on paper, 28 3/4 by 21 1/4 inches (73 by 54 centimeters) \ Edition 76 of 150 \ Gift of Ernesto Ostheimer, 1982 dot 135 \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EBF09301_F9AF_C4CB_41E7_6A6E7B65B385.text = Diane Arbus (American, 1923–1971) \ Woman carrying a child in Central Park, NYC, 1956, \ 1956, printed in 1986 by Neil Selkirk \ Gelatin silver print \ Edition 15 of 75 \ Gift of John Pelosi ’85 and Susan Manly Pelosi ’85 in \ memory of Elsie R. (n. DiStefano) Pelosi, mother of John \ Pelosi ’85, 2017.5.2 \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EDD16644_F964_CCB4_41ED_C2D1A6142055.text = Erik Desmazières (French, born in Morocco, 1948) \ Sus Scrofa Hybrida (Wild hog hybrid), 2008 \ Etching with roulette and aquatint on wove paper \ Published by Éditions Gallimard, Paris \ Edition 60 of 75 \ Gift from the collection of G. Ronald Kastner, Ph.D., \ class of 1971, 2019 dot 1 dot 1 \ Desmazières is a highly regarded contemporary \ printmaker whose etchings often hearken back to \ the styles of European master printmakers such as \ Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), Jacques Callot (1592– \ 1635), and Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720–1778). His \ prints are characterized by evocative settings, usually \ urban, and often populated by imaginative people \ and fantastical creatures. \ The wild hog depicted here is a fantasy or hybrid \ creature with thick hair, multiple tusks emerging \ from the sides of its mouth, and two small antlers \ growing from the top of its head. The artist leaves it \ unclear whether the hog is meant to be perceived as \ a living creature or as a stuffed specimen, playfully \ interrogating the concept of the wunderkammer \ (cabinet of curiosities) and its legacy within \ museums. This intimate print was acquired in part to \ strengthen the Picker’s collection of etchings made by \ contemporary artists. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EDD2516E_F963_C777_41DE_B82F1A9C2E6C.text = THE RECENT PAST \ AND NEAR FUTURE \ A museum collection is a continual work in progress. Changes \ in taste, institutional priorities, and societal values can impact its \ contents and alter the course of its development. The Picker’s \ origins in what was at the time the Department of Fine Arts \ (later the Department of Art and Art History) meant that much of \ what was collected served a relatively narrow art and art history \ curriculum. The museum’s archives reveal that Dewey F. Mosby was \ particularly concerned with filling “gaps” in the representation of \ certain art historical periods. This is an approach to collecting that \ was (and often still is) adopted by many museums to try to build a \ comprehensive picture of the history of art. \ The start of Colgate’s third century is a good time to carefully \ consider what we as an academic community, living and working \ in our specific geographical context, want from our museum \ collections and what we want them to represent. Over the last five \ years, the museum has continued to accept donations of artwork \ that strengthen or enhance an area of the collection and have \ potential to be integrated into the curriculum, adding to holdings \ in early twentieth-century prints and works by contemporary artists. \ As we look to the museum’s future, how might the collection \ adapt to remain a vital component of the Colgate experience and \ respond to shifts in the cultural and academic landscape? \ In 2013, Colgate repatriated to the Aboriginal Noongar people of \ Western Australia the artworks made by Noongar children at the \ Carrolup Native Settlement and School that had found their way \ into the collection through Herbert Mayer. This action is indicative \ of a shifting critical approach that places greater value on what \ collections and collecting can do to decolonize the museum, \ promote inclusivity, and foster the broad cross-disciplinary inquiry \ that is the hallmark of a Colgate education. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EE09AD45_F964_5CA6_41E0_22ED2C54996F.text = Yevgeny Khaldei \ (Russian, born in Ukraine, 1917–1997) \ The First Day of the War, Moscow, June 22, 1941, 1944 \ Gelatin silver print, 21 1 quarter by 15 3 quarter inches (54 by 40 centimeters) \ Gift of Yevgeny Khaldei, 1995 dot 12 dot 2 \ \ June 22, 1941 marked the German invasion of the Soviet Union; according to Khaldei’s testimony, this photograph shows a Moscow crowd listening to the first announcements of the invasion being broadcast over the city’s loudspeakers, foreshadowing the destruction of the war that his later photographs would capture. The St. Nicholas Tower of the Kremlin is visible in the distance. \ \ During World War II, Khaldei—a correspondent for the Moscow-based news agency Tass and a member of the Red Army—captured the conflict between the Soviet Union and Germany from the front-lines. He visited Colgate twice in the 1990s, thanks to the efforts of Professors Alice and Alexander Nakhimovsky. Impressed by the students, he decided to donate a large collection of his photographs. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EE0D2A4A_F964_44B7_41EB_8C1238EBC302.text = Barbara Morgan (American, 1900–1992) \ Martha Graham, Every Soul is a Circus, 1940 \ Gelatin silver print \ Gift of Dr. Monroe and Edna Kornfeld, 2017 dot 4 \ Widely considered one of the twentieth century’s \ pioneering photographers, Barbara Morgan spent \ much of her career exploring a long-standing interest \ in portraying “rhythmic vitality.” When Morgan met \ Martha Graham in New York in 1935, she spent the next \ decade photographing the reknowned dancer and her \ company. She also photographed Merce Cunningham \ and other modern dance pioneers, earning critical \ acclaim for her ability to capture the kinetic energy of \ bodies in motion. \ Morgan’s dance photographs are especially important \ as documents of the modern dance movement. When \ it was acquired, this photograph was thus considered a \ strong complement to the rich examples of twentiethcentury \ modernism represented in the Picker’s paintings \ and print collections. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EE48DFF7_F963_DB6E_41EE_ABC2734B4817.text = STEADY SUPPORT \ During his tenure, Dewey F. Mosby cultivated a series of gifts from \ many alumni. Colgate professor Robert G. Gordon ’50 specialized \ in collecting prints by British artists and made gifts throughout \ the 1980s and 1990s, with a significant bequest upon his death in \ 2000. Other alumni such as Paul J. Schupf ’58 not only donated \ artworks, but also funded prizes and facilities to encourage the \ creation of new works by Colgate students. William P. Carl ’74 went \ on to become a respected dealer in fine art prints and has been an \ important catalyst for broadening the museum’s holdings of works \ on paper, regularly donating prints and advising on purchases. \ Dr. Luther W. Brady H’88 was not a Colgate alumnus, but became \ involved with the University after the unexpected death of his \ friend, Associate Professor of Art, Eric J. Ryan. The Philadelphia \ collector and philanthropist would go on to offer long-term loans \ and gifts to the collection from his impressive collection of postwar \ art for nearly four decades. \ Mosby also employed a strategy of cultivating deferred gifts \ and long-term loans to augment the collection. If there is a clear \ benefit to its audiences, a museum will sometimes allow a donor \ to deposit artworks with the expectation that they will be donated \ or bequeathed in the future. Many artworks in the Brady collection \ were sent to the museum in the 1990s but only given outright \ and formally accessioned in the last few years. Long-term loans \ can help fill out collections when resources are not available for \ expensive purchases. Mosby had arranged several such loans \ with a commercial gallery in New York to form a small collection \ of Greek, Roman, and Egyptian antiquities. While these objects \ provided access to art of the ancient world, lack of provenance and \ the murky ethics of increasing market value for objects owned by \ private collectors through display compelled later directors to seek \ an end to the loans. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EE63E3AD_F964_4BE4_41E7_C25D9C47FA9A.text = A GROWING COLLECTION \ With large donations of artworks by Mayer, Herman, and others, \ the Picker Art Gallery collection was well established by 1970. \ Under the directorship of Edward Bryant, the museum continued \ to take in gifts from alumni and make strategic purchases. \ The collection of prints received a large boost in 1977 with the \ donation of 95 etchings by American artist Joseph Pennell from \ the family of Orrin G. Judd ’26. Judd had served as the General \ Chairman of the Alumni Leadership Campaign in 1963, raising \ funds for what would become the Dana Creative Arts Center. \ He was an avid collector of Pennell’s prints, and was particularly \ enamored of his depictions of New York City transforming into a \ modern metropolis at the beginning of the twentieth century. \ In the 1980s, the museum began to seriously expand \ its collection of photography, thanks in large part to the \ establishment of the Gary M. Hoffer ’74 Memorial Photography \ Fund. Founded by the family and friends of an aspiring young \ photographer after his untimely death in 1977, the fund allowed \ the museum to make important purchases of contemporary \ and experimental photography as well as establish holdings of \ historic photographs exemplifying early photographic processes. \ In 1995, the photography collection was enhanced by the \ donation of photographs by Ukrainian-born photographer \ Yevgeny Khaldei after he visited Colgate at the invitation of \ Professors Alice and Alexander Nakhimovsky. The gift included \ some of Khaldei’s most iconic photographs of the advance of \ the Soviet army and the aftermath of World War II. Since they \ entered the collection, these photographs have been among the \ most frequently used by faculty to complement their teaching. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EE7772C3_F964_45A3_41D8_D012A910CCE0.text = Sonia Gechtoff (American, 1946–2018) \ Hudson Window, 1981 \ Acrylic and graphite on Arches paper, 29 by 19 and 1 quarter inches (73.7 by 48.9 centimeters) \ Gift of Dr. Luther W. Brady H’88, 2018 dot 1 dot 25 \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EEC55ADD_F964_C54C_41EE_D74569CD2398.text = Sean Mellyn (American, born 1965) \ Firefly, 1999 \ Oil on canvas, 20 feet. rubber cord \ Gift from the collection of G. Ronald Kastner, Ph.D., \ class of 1971, 2019 dot 1 dot 2 \ Brooklyn-based artist Sean Mellyn is liberal in his use of \ trompe l’loeil (literally, “deceive the eye,” used by artists to \ create deceptively realistic illusions). He often combines \ his canvases with sculpture and other materials. Many of \ his works draw upon 1950s advertising imagery, creating \ subtly eerie twists and alterations to the nostalgic and \ kitschy figures and objects. \ In this painting, Mellyn combines careful brush and color \ work with a rubber cord to blur the boundaries between \ image and object. Acquired in 2019, Firefly joins a very \ small group of paintings made after 1995. Strengthening \ holdings of contemporary painting in the collection is one \ of the museums goals as it looks to the future. TextToSpeechBehaviour_EEEABC83_F964_5DB5_41ED_B8C8340707DB.text = Diane Arbus (American, 1923–1971) \ Woman carrying a child in Central Park, NYC, 1956, \ 1956, printed in 1986 by Neil Selkirk \ Gelatin silver print \ Edition 15 of 75 \ Gift of John Pelosi class of 1985 and Susan Manly Pelosi class of 1985 in \ memory of Elsie R. (n. DiStefano) Pelosi, mother of John \ Pelosi ’85, 2017 dot 5 dot 2 \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EF7A2772_F964_CB7C_41D0_4CBC935B1848.text = Joseph Pennell (American, 1857–1926) \ The Hall of Iron, Pennsylvania Station, New York, 1919 \ Etching, 12 by 10 inches (30.5 by 25.4 centimeters) \ Gift of Persis D. Judd and children Pi, Betsy, Orrin D. and John, in memory of Judge Orrin G. Judd, Class of 1926, 1977 dot 44 \ \ While fitting with Pennell’s other works in its emphasis on the grand scale and architecture of his subject matter, this etching of Pennsylvania Station is unique for several reasons. Pennell rarely depicted interior spaces, the great train stations of the era being one of the few \ exceptions. Interestingly, this is one of only two prints by Pennell in the Picker’s collection to have written on it the title of the work, seen in the lower right corner. While Pennell adjusted for the mirroring of the text from the plate to the print in the “EXIT” sign above the descending stairs, the same was not done with the text for the title. \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EF921BC3_F967_DBA2_41E6_C67DE2E04086.text = Warren Wheeler (American, 1944–2019) \ Mildred Haught in Road Near Her Home in Morrisville, 1986 \ Gelatin silver print, 16 by 20 inches (40.6 by 50.8 centimeters) \ Purchase of the Gary M. Hoffer ’74 Memorial Photography Collection Fund, 1992 dot 10 \ \ Part of the mission of the Gary M. Hoffer ’74 Memorial Photography Collection Fund is to support local photographers. Wheeler had been a long-time photographer for the Picker Art Gallery, capturing the collections and exhibitions through the decades while pursuing his own independent art practice. In this photograph, Wheeler sympathetically captures an elderly woman standing defiantly in an empty street, hands resting on her cane, her gaze leveled at the camera. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EFAF6578_E007_ED8A_41C7_28B8F94BE92B.text = Milton Avery (American, 1885–1965) \ Seated Girl with Basket, 1943 \ Oil on canvas, 53 1/2 inches by 33 1/2 inches (135.9 by 85.1 centimeters) \ Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Neuberger P’71 \ 1957 dot 7 \ \ Roy Neuberger was an avid collector of paintings by Milton Avery and instrumental in helping the artist to gain recognition for his simplified forms and bold use of color. Neuberger had a reputation as a generous donor to colleges and universities of works by contemporary American painters. Knowing this, Howard Jones, who worked in Colgate’s Development Office went with Professor of Art, Arnold Herstand, to request a gift from Neuberger, claiming that it would greatly help to advance the study of the fine arts at Colgate. \ The painting, which depicts Avery’s daughter, March—a favorite subject of the artist—was consigned to Paul Rosenberg Gallery by Avery in 1944. It was sold to Neuberger in 1951 as part of Rosenberg Gallery’s remaining stock of Avery paintings when the gallery severed its relationship with the artist. The painting was given to Colgate in 1957. \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EFB91222_F964_44E2_41CF_500C977E8FD1.text = Stanley William Hayter (British, 1901–1988) \ Figure, 1981 \ Engraving and soft-ground etching, 34 by 29 1/8 inches (86.4 by 74 centimeters) \ Edition 35 of 50 \ Gift of Robert Gordon ’50, 1990 dot 8 \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EFC2F76C_E002_ED8F_41B2_3FC54EC1942D.text = \ Jean Dufy (French, 1888–1964) \ Harvest Time, 1925 \ Oil on canvas, 23 3 quarter by 27 1 quarter inches (60.3 by 69.2 centimeters) \ Gift of Victor Hammer '24 \ 1962 dot 53 \ \ Jean Dufy was well-known for his colorful paintings of Parisian circuses and music halls. He also spent much of his time in the country, where he depicted rolling landscapes and agricultural fields. \ \ This painting was given to Colgate in 1962 by Victor Hammer, then co-owner of Hammer Galleries in Manhattan. Though Hammer attended Colgate as a member of the class of 1924, he apparently never graduated. The provenance of this painting is uncertain and the museum does not yet have a record of its whereabouts between 1933 and 1945, the years of Nazi conquest in Europe. How or when Hammer acquired it is also unknown, though he did work with Dufy during the artist’s life, exhibiting paintings at Hammer Galleries in 1957 and 1961. Searches on looted and stolen art databases have not turned up any records and Hammer Galleries has not answered a request for information, so research on the provenance of the painting continues. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_EFE4725B_E00D_678B_41CA_56BC9949A3EF.text = Provenance \ \ The term “provenance” can refer to the origin or source of an object, but is often used in museum contexts to describe the known chain of ownership, custodianship, and movement for an object from the point of its creation to when it enters the museum’s collection. A firmly established provenance helps museums to ensure that they do not acquire any new artworks or objects that may have been stolen, forcibly sold, or illicitly removed from a country or community of origin. For example, most museums would think very carefully about acquiring a painting with a gap in provenance between 1933 and 1945 and that might have been in Continental Europe where the Nazis were involved in widespread looting of artworks. Most older collections contain objects for which there is little to no documentation for how or when they enteredmthe collection. \ \ Provenance research can be difficultmand time-consuming, but it is an important component of museum work as we try to better understand our collection. This exhibition features some bjects and artworks that have problematic provenance and for which provenance research is ongoing. Where possible, we have included information about what we know (or do not know) in the accompanying label. The exhibition Works in Progress: Original Materials from the Netherlands explores in more detail the kind of knowledge to be gained through provenance research. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F0B636D3_E003_AC90_41D7_F519CA44FC80.text = Henry DiSpirito (American, born Italy, 1898–1995) \ Female Head, 1956 \ Pink cobblestone granite, 10 by 8 and 1 quarter by 7 and a half inches (25.4 by 21 by 19.1 centimeters) \ Purchase by Colgate University, 1965 dot 45 \ \ Despite showing at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York in the 1950s, Henry DiSpirito only ever achieved regional recognition as a sculptor in central New York. A longtime artist-in-residence at Utica College from 1963 to 1995, DiSpirito was invited to mount his first solo exhibition at Colgate by Professor Alfred Krakusin in 1948. This sculpture, displaying the artist’s penchant for creating figures and animals that emerge from raw, rounded fieldstone, was an early purchase by the Department of Fine Arts in 1957 for the nascent art collection at Colgate. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2805141_E00E_A5F2_41C3_6A957CCA542D.text = Henry DiSpirito (American, born Italy, 1898–1995) \ Female Head, 1956 \ Pink cobblestone granite, 10 by 8 and 1 quarter by 7 and one half inches (25.4 by 21 by 19.1 centimers) \ Purchase by Colgate University, 1965 dot 45 \ \ Despite showing at the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Modern Art in New York in the 1950s, Henry DiSpirito only ever achieved regional recognition as a sculptor in central New York. A longtime artist-in-residence at Utica College from 1963 to 1995, DiSpirito was invited to mount his first solo exhibition at Colgate by Professor Alfred Krakusin in 1948. This sculpture, displaying the artist’s penchant for creating figures and animals that emerge from raw, rounded fieldstone, was an early purchase by the Department of Fine Arts in 1957 for the nascent art collection at Colgate. \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F2BA5429_E006_A3A5_41E0_C4AC9E5696DD.text = Utagawa Kunisada (Japanese, 1786–1864) \ Jūroku: Sekiya (Sixteen: At the Pass), from an untitled series known as Ima Genji nishiki-e awase (A Comparison of Present Genji Brocade Prints), 1853 \ Color woodcut print, 10 by 6 3 quaters inches (25.4 by 17.1 centimeters) \ Gift of Dr. Charles Worthen Spencer, \ 1957 dot 11 dot. 4 \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F36941F1_E01E_A4A9_41E3_C77772884700.text = Unknown makers \ Left to right, top to bottom: \ Portrait in Profile, circa 1805 \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 10 \ Portrait of a Woman with Lamb, circa 1800 \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 24 \ Female Figure with Musical Instruments, n.d. \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 41 \ Portrait of a Woman, sixteenth century \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 37 \ Portrait of Louis the 13th, King of France, \ seventeenth century \ France \ Enamel \ 1970 dot 1 dot 32 \ Portrait of Empress Josephine of France, n.d. \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970 dot 1 dot 13 \ Portrait of Napoleon, n.d. \ France \ Oil on ivory \ 1970.dot 1 dot 14 \ Figure on Shell, sixteenth century \ France \ Enamel on copper \ 1970 dot 1 dot 42 \ Gifts of Grace E. Loegler, Buffalo, in memory of her \ brother, Frank Charles Loegler ‘07 \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F3B4D17A_E006_A5A1_41EB_50CD787E5C45.text = Path to the Picker \ \ The Picker Art Gallery is named for Evelyn Feil Picker, mother of Harvey Picker ’36 and a key financial supporter of the campaign to construct the Dana Creative Arts Center. Before the completion of the Paul Rudolph-designed building in 1966, the Department of Fine Arts maintained a small gallery space in the basement of Lawrence Hall. Exhibitions in this space ranged from artworks by internationally renowned artists such as Vincent Van Gogh and Ivan Meštrović to works by regional artists such as Henry DiSpirito and Lee Brown Coye. The exhibition program owed much to the collaboration between Professor of Art Alfred Krakusin and alumnus Herbert Mayer ’29. Drawing heavily from Mayer’s personal collection and from that of his Manhattan gallery, World House Galleries, many of the exhibitions focused on presenting modernist works by living artists. \ \ At the same time, Colgate began to develop an art collection through purchases and gifts. Early donations include a series of World War I propaganda posters and Japanese prints presented by Henry A. Colgate. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the \ collection accumulated a small selection of European and American paintings. Alumnus Luis de Hoyos ’43 also gave a substantial collection of pre-Columbian objects. The scope of the collection expanded greatly in 1966 when Mayer donated over 1,100 artworks to the new Art Gallery. This donation consisted mainly of works by European modernists, but also included objects from East Asia and Egypt. With this donation, Colgate could claim to have an art collection in earnest. The gift encouraged other donations, including the first gift of Chinese woodcut prints by Professor Theodore and Evelyn Chen Shi-ying Herman in 1968 and a group of European miniature paintings, enamels, and other decorative arts bequeathed by Grace A. Loegler in 1970. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F4090E8B_E002_9F6D_41D6_03D0F14B4131.text = F. Barbedienne Foundry (active 1838–1952, Paris), after Giambologna (1529–1608) \ Mercury, probably nineteenth-century after a circa 1580 \ original \ Copper alloy, 41 1/2 by 18 inches (105.4 by 45.7 centimeters) \ Gift of Herbert Mayer ‘29, 1966 dot 1 dot 1023 \ \ The F. Barbedienne Foundry was started in Paris in 1838 by Ferdinand Barbedienne and Achille Collas, who was the inventor of a machine that could mechanically reduce statues. Nineteenth-century demand for reproductions of Greek, Roman, Renaissance, and Baroque statues was high, and the foundry was Paris’ primary supplier for these as well as editions by living artists. \ \ This statue, a one-half height reduction of a statue by Giambologna made for the Medici family and now in the Palazzo del Bargello in Florence, was listed in the Picker Art Gallery records as having been donated anonymously. It was given an accession number with the prefix “X,” indicating that the year when it entered the collection was unknown. Research in the museum’s archives revealed that the statue was actually one of over 1,100 works given to Colgate by Herbert Mayer in 1966. Still, some mysteries remain. Mayer is known to have purchased much of the remaining stock from the Leblanc-Barbedienne Foundry when it was sold in 1954, though this statue does not appear to have been part of that sale. No records of the purchase were found in the World House Galleries archives, so other archival sources and sales records will need to be consulted to determine the statue’s full provenance. \ \ \ \ \ TextToSpeechBehaviour_F8388BD4_F6E7_F8AC_41E5_1994A680B4BE.text = Unknown maker, Indian \ Shiva Virabhadra , nineteenth century \ Probably from Western India \ Wood, possibly rosewood \ Purchase of the Friends of the Visual Arts, 1994 dot 10 dot 1 \ Professor Padma Kaimal on the acquisition of this \ sculpture: \ \ When I asked Dewey Mosby to purchase this sculpture \ in 1994, I thought of rescuing it from the unheated, dirty \ barn on Rt. 20 where the owner of the antique store had \ no idea what it was or where it was from. I also thought it \ would be great for teaching because it was familiar (like \ the famous “Dancing Shiva” sculptures) but also unusual \ and puzzling. It was made from wood, not cast metal, \ and the posture was reversed from Shiva’s “Tandava” \ dance. \ \ It was clear the object was not in worship any longer, \ and it was out of India already. I knew that after 1971, it \ was illegal to export art objects of any great age from \ that country. It did not occur to me to require that we \ know everyone who had owned the object previously \ (provenance). In those years, all but the most famous \ kinds of Indian sculpture sold for very little money, \ so I could not imagine a motive for illegal export. I \ certainly could not imagine the sophisticated extraction \ and smuggling rings that I have since learned were \ methodically pillaging sculptures from small villages and \ remote sites in many parts of India for markets in the US \ and Europe. \ \ So it also did not occur to me that part of exhibiting \ this piece honestly would include a narrative of how \ the object came to be at the Picker. Now, though, I am \ happy to tell as much of that story as I have access to, \ and to find out if publicizing this sculpture will bring us \ more information from anyone who might happen to \ know more about it. TextToSpeechBehaviour_F94C8293_F6EC_48B4_41EC_D5A8AE7F193A.text = Max Ernst (German, 1891–1976) \ Masques (Masks), 1950 \ Color lithograph \ Published by Guilde de la Gravure, Geneva-Paris \ Edition 110 of 200 \ \ Gift of Bobbi Picker Hamill, 2004 dot 2 TextToSpeechBehaviour_FB0ADCE7_F6FD_B871_41EC_E60CC3548D4B.text = \ Jean Charlot (French, active in Mexico and the United \ States, 1898–1979) \ Woman Washing (left) \ Luz (right) \ from Picture Book, 1933 \ Color lithographs \ Printed by the Will A. Kistler Company \ Gifts of Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord, \ 1972 dot 48; \ 1972 dot 55 \ \ Charlot was born in France but lived and worked in \ Mexico and the United States for most of his life. In \ Mexico, Charlot trained as a muralist under Diego \ Rivera, but devoted himself to printmaking, focusing his \ energies on scenes depicting Mexican and Indigenous \ subjects. The lithographs displayed here all come from \ Picture Book, a collaboration between Charlot and Los \ Angeles printer Lynton R. Kistler. Charlot described \ Picture Book as “art for people,” meant to appeal to \ the masses rather than an educated elite. Fittingly, \ Charlot was instrumental in promoting the work of the \ little-known artist José Guadalupe Posada, whom he \ described as “printmaker to the Mexican people.” The \ Picker collection also holds works by Posada. TextToSpeechBehaviour_FB238392_F6EC_48B4_41E1_645ED1082545.text = \ GLOBAL ENGAGEMENTS \ Colgate has long valued engagement with cultures around \ the world as part of a college education. Many of the early \ donations reflect an interest on the part of donors to supply \ the nascent collection with examples of objects from diverse \ cultures. In addition to nineteenth- and twentieth-century \ European paintings and works by contemporary American \ artists, prints from Japan and China, textiles from Egypt, ceramics \ from Southeast Asia, sculptures from Africa, South Asia and pre- \ Columbian Mexico, and drawings from Aboriginal Australians \ all made their way in to the collection in the 1950s and 1960s. \ The first exhibition in the new Art Gallery in the Dana Creative \ Arts Center was about the influence of African art on artists \ working in Paris. Although the Eurocentrism of such exhibitions \ is now considered problematic, it demonstrated the pedagogical \ advantages of placing objects from different parts of the world in \ conversation within the new gallery space. \ The Picker continued to develop collections of African, Asian, \ and pre-Columbian art through the early 2000s, though the \ broader thrust of collections growth focused on the acquisition \ of artworks illustrative of a “Western” art history. With the \ development of a collection at the Longyear Museum of \ Anthropology, the Picker increasingly seemed to view its \ collection scope as one dealing with visual art and having less to \ do with objects that might be categorized as material culture. An \ example of this separation comes from the archives in the form \ of a letter from Picker director Edward Bryant to Luis de Hoyos \ indicating his intention to put the collection of Mezcala objects \ on permanent loan to the Longyear where Bryant believed they \ would better serve the academic community.